Thermoelectric material is a kind of new energy material that can realize the direct mutual conversion of thermal energy and electrical energy through the directional movement of internal carriers with the temperature difference. Thermoelectric devices prepared from thermoelectric materials have the characteristics of small size, high reliability, wide operating temperature range, and no noise. They have great potential for development in both military and civilian applications.

Nuclear astrophysics uses the knowledge of nuclear physics to study the energy production and element synthesis of stars, that is, to use the laws of extremely small atomic nuclei to explain the evolution of the huge universe. It is very difficult to directly measure the thermonuclear reactions that occur in the relatively low-temperature environment during the stable evolution of stars. The deep underground laboratory can greatly reduce the interference caused by cosmic rays and provide a measurement environment with an extremely low background, which is essential to the accurate measurement and research of rare reaction events.

The crustal and mantle structures of a planet bear important information about its origin and evolution. Seismic waves propagating along the shallow surface of a planet, known as surface waves, can be used to map its crustal and upper mantle structures. However, no such waves have ever been detected on any planet besides Earth.

The Runge-Kutta method is a class of important algorithms for numerically solving differential equations, and it has been widely used in many fields of science and engineering. The stability of the Runge-Kutta method has a decisive influence on its numerical results.

Quantum nonlocality is one of the most important properties of quantum physics, which is different from classical physics. It is the basis of modern quantum information processing tasks such as quantum key distribution, quantum random number, distributed quantum computation, and distributed quantum precision measurement.

Ferroelectric (FE) materials, showing switchable electrical polarizations under external electric fields, have shown great potential in applications of non-volatile memories, field-effect transistors, transducers, actuators, and other devices.