Rheology is the study of how materials change shape and flow when force is applied to them. The evolution of the solid Earth is regulated by mantle convection and plate tectonics, which involves complex and non-linear behaviors.

Earthquakes are complex natural phenomena that pose significant risks to communities worldwide.

Thin film fabrication is of great importance in modern engineering. Among various bottom-up film fabrication strategies, interfacial assembly of nano-building blocks holds great promise in constructing large-scale aligned monolayer thin film, which leads to emergent or enhanced collective properties compared to individual building blocks.

Most transition metal complexes feature partially occupied d orbitals, rendering their valence orbitals capable of both nucleophilic and electrophilic interactions with small molecules. In stark contrast, main group elements typically possess fully occupied valence electrons. The chemical reactivity of main group compounds is closely tied to the energy levels of frontier molecular orbitals and the distribution of their valence electrons. This reactivity is further influenced by factors such as atomic radius and electronegativity.

To achieve the “double carbon” goals in China and worldwide, it is crucial to vigorously develop efficient and low-cost new photovoltaic technologies. Perovskite solar cells (PSCs), with their advantages of low cost, high efficiency, solution processability, and large-area preparation, have become the most commercially viable new photovoltaic devices. Although the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of PSCs has significantly increased from 3.8% to more than 26%, there is still a large gap between its theoretical efficiency (33%). At the same time, while the stability life of the device has been extended from a few minutes to thousands of hours, there is still a huge gap from the commercial standard or crystalline silicon’s service life of more than 25 years.

The lower mantle has two significant structures known as large low-velocity anomalies (LLVPs) beneath the Pacific Ocean and Africa. These LLVPs cover approximately 30 percent of the core-mantle boundary (CMB) and exert a crucial influence on lower mantle dynamics. However, their stability has been a subject of controversy within the scientific community. Certain studies propose that these two LLVPs have maintained stability for hundreds of millions of years (Torsvik et al., 2010). Conversely, other research suggests that these structures may exhibit a more dynamic nature, akin to the continental motions observed on the Earth’s surface, involving processes of coalescence and dispersion (McNamara and Zhong, 2005).